The Machine Learning “Advent Calendar” Day 7: Decision Tree Classifier

The Machine Learning “Advent Calendar” Day 7: Decision Tree Classifier

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In Day 6, we saw how a Decision Tree Regressor finds its optimal split by minimizing the Mean Squared Error. Today, for Day 7 of the Machine Learning “Advent Calendar”, we switch to classification. With just one numerical feature and two classes, we explore how a Decision Tree Classifier decides where to cut the data, using impurity measures like Gini and Entropy. Even without doing the math, we can visually guess possible split points. But which one is […]

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10 (Not So) Hidden Dangers of Age Verification

10 (Not So) Hidden Dangers of Age Verification

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It’s nearly the end of 2025, and half of the US and the UK now require you to upload your ID or scan your face to watch “sexual content.” A handful of states and Australia now have various requirements to verify your age before you can create a social media account. Age-verification laws may sound straightforward to some: protect young people online by making everyone prove their age. But in reality, these mandates force users into one of […]

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Rare Earths Are Rare in the US Only Because We Choose To Export Environmental Challenges

Rare Earths Are Rare in the US Only Because We Choose To Export Environmental Challenges

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As has been said by many commentators, rare earths are not particularly rare.  Via source, here is an estimate of their abundance in the Earth’s surface: Note by the way the Y-axis is logarithmic so small changes in vertical position can mean a factor of 10 or more difference in concentration.  But the rare earths are not unreasonably far off fairly common industrial metals like lead, nickel, copper, and molybdenum and well more common than gold, silver, and […]

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MIT researchers propose a new model for legible, modular software

MIT researchers propose a new model for legible, modular software

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Coding with large language models (LLMs) holds huge promise, but it also exposes some long-standing flaws in software: code that’s messy, hard to change safely, and often opaque about what’s really happening under the hood. Researchers at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) are charting a more “modular” path ahead.  Their new approach breaks systems into “concepts,” separate pieces of a system, each designed to do one job well, and “synchronizations,” explicit rules that describe exactly […]

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