In this article, I discuss the main problems of standard LLMs (OpenAI and the likes), and how the new generation of LLMs addresses these issues. The focus is on Enterprise LLMs. LLMs with Billions of Parameters Most of the LLMs still fall in that category. The first ones (ChatGPT) appeared around 2022, though Bert is an early precursor. Most recent books discussing LLMs still define them as transformer architecture with deep neural networks (DNNs), costly training, and reliance […]

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This article introduces the Gaussian Mixture Model as a natural extension of k-Means, by improving how distance is measured through variances and the Mahalanobis distance. Instead of assigning points to clusters with hard boundaries, GMM uses probabilities learned through the Expectation–Maximization algorithm – the general form of Lloyd’s method. Using simple Excel formulas, we implement EM step by step in 1D and 2D, and we visualise how the Gaussian curves or ellipses move during training. The means shift, […]

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Colleen Hroncich When millions of children struggle to sit still, focus, and conform to rigid classroom expectations, it’s become an epidemic of ADHD and other disorders. The New York Times is beginning to consider what should have been obvious all along: Maybe the problem isn’t the children. Others, including my colleague Kerry McDonald, have been raising these concerns for years. As Kerry notes, Boston College psychology Professor Peter Gray has described ADHD as a “failure to adapt to […]

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